Explainable Artificial Intelligence

This open access four-volume set constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Fourth World Conference on Explainable Artificial Intelligence, xAI 2026, held in Fortaleza, Brazil, during July 1 3, 2026.

The 95 revised full papers presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 235 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections:

Volume I: Enhancing Models with XAI: Debugging, Modification, Evaluation; Human-Centred Explanation Systems & Explanation User Interfaces; Rule-Based Explainable AI; Uncertainty-Aware Explainable AI; xAI in Healthcare: Balancing Accuracy, Trust, and Ethics.

Volume II: XAI for Time Series; Trust Through Transparency: Next-Generation Explainable AI in Medicine; Explainable AI for Sequential Decision Making; Mechanistic Interpretability in Explainable AI; XAI and the Physical Sciences.

Volume III: Psychometric Applications for XAI and attribution techniques; Neural-Symbolic Methods for Interpretable and explainable AI; Argumentation, abduction, abstraction and agreement for XAI; Shapley-driven explainable AI; Explainable AI in legal and regulatory contexts.

Volume IV: Counterfactual-based explainable AI; Explainability with and for Large Language Models; Notions and metrics for explainable AI; Contrastive-based explainable AI; Novel approaches and methods for XAI.